↑ Liverani1995, tr. 392: "A more critical look at this complex of problems should advise employing today the term and the concept "Semites" exclusively in its linguistic sense, and, on the other hand, tracing back every cultural fact to its concrete historical environment. The use of the term "Semitic" in culture, subject as it is to arbitrary simplifications, shows methodological risks which exceed by far the possibility of positive historical analysis. In any case the Semitic character of every cultural fact is a problem which in each situation must be ascenained in its limits and in its historical setting (both in time and in the social environment), and may not be assumed as obvious or traced back to a presumed "Proto-Semitic" culture, statically conceived."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFLiverani1995 (trợ giúp)
↑ Đánh giá về "Người Ca-na-an" (1964) của Marvin Pope: "Thuật ngữ" Semitic ", do Schlozer đặt ra năm 1781, nên được giới hạn nghiêm ngặt đối với các vấn đề ngôn ngữ vì đây là lĩnh vực duy nhất có thể đạt được mức độ khách quan. ngôn ngữ bao gồm một gia đình ngôn ngữ khá khác biệt, một thực tế được đánh giá cao từ lâu trước khi mối quan hệ của các ngôn ngữ Ấn-Âu được công nhận. Dân tộc học và dân tộc học của các dân tộc nói hoặc vẫn nói ngôn ngữ Semitic hoặc là phương ngữ lẫn lộn và nhiều vấn đề lẫn lộn hơn và một trong đó chúng ta có ít sự kiểm soát khoa học"
↑ Baasten, Martin (2003). “A Note on the History of 'Semitic'”. Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters Publishers. tr. 57–73. ISBN9789042912151.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
↑ Anidjar 2008, tr. (Foreword): "This collection of essays explores the now mostly extinct notion of Semites. Invented in the nineteenth century and essential to the making of modern conceptions of religion and race, the strange unity of Jew and Arab under one term, Semite (the opposing term was Aryan), and the circumstances that brought about its disappearance constitute the subject of this volume."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFAnidjar2008 (trợ giúp)
↑ Anidjar 2008, tr. 6: "To a large extent, or rather, to a quite complete extent, Semites were, like their ever so distant relatives – the Aryans – a concrete figment of the Western imagination, the peculiar imagination that concerns me in the chapters that follow. And just as the witches (the simultaneous efficacy and deep unreliability of "spectral evidence"), Semites were – I write in the past tense because Semites are a thing of the past, ephemeral beings long vanished as such – Semites were, then, something of a hypothesis (Chapter 1), contemporary with, and constitutive of, that other powerfully incarnate fiction named "secularism" (Chapter 2). Again, and as underscored by Edward Said, who raIsed anew the "Semitic question", the role of the imagination can hardly be downplayed."Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFAnidjar2008 (trợ giúp)
1 2 Lewis, Bernard (1987). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W W Norton & Co Inc. ISBN978-0393304206. The confusion between race and language goes back a long way, and was compounded by the rapidly changing content of the word "race" in European and later in American usage. Serious scholars have pointed out–repeatedly and ineffectually-‑that "Semitic" is a linguistic and cultural classification, denoting certain languages and in some contexts the literatures and civilizations expressed in those languages. As a kind of shorthand, it was sometimes retained to designate the speakers of those languages. At one time it might thus have had a connotation of race, when that word itself was used to designate national and cultural entities. It has nothing whatever to do with race in the anthropological sense that is now common usage. A glance at the present‑day speakers of Arabic, from Khartoum to Aleppo and from Mauritania to Mosul, or even of Hebrew speakers in the modern state of Israel, will suffice to show the enormous diversity of racial types.
↑ Các chủng tộc châu Âu của Carleton Stevens Coon. Từ Chương XI: Thế giới Địa Trung Hải - Giới thiệu: "Khu vực chủng tộc thứ ba này trải dài từ Tây Ban Nha qua Eo biển Gibraltar đến Ma-rốc, và từ đó dọc theo bờ biển phía nam Địa Trung Hải vào Ả Rập, Đông Phi, Mesopotamia và cao nguyên Ba Tư, và qua Afghanistan vào Ấn Độ."
↑ "Chủng viện". Từ điển Collegiate® của Merriam-Webster, Phiên bản thứ mười một.
↑ Alex Bein, The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990, p. 594, ISBN0-8386-3252-1 – quoting the Hebrew Encyclopaedia Ozar Ysrael, (edited Jehuda Eisenstadt, London 1924, 2: 130ff)
↑ Moshe Zimmermann, Wilhelm Marr: Tổ phụ của chủ nghĩa bài Do Thái, Nhà xuất bản Đại học Oxford, Hoa Kỳ, 1987
↑ Sevenster, Jan Nicolaas (1975). The Roots of Pagan Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World. Brill Archive. tr. 1–2. ISBN978-90-04-04193-6. It has long been realised that there are objections to the term anti-Semitism and therefore an endeavour has been made to find a word which better interprets the meaning intended. Already in 1936 Bolkestein, for example, wrote an article on Het "antisemietisme" in de oudheid (Anti-Semitism in the ancient world) in which the word was placed between quotation marks and a preference was expressed for the term hatred of the Jews… Nowadays the term anti-Judaism is often preferred. It certainly expresses better than anti-Semitism the fact that it concerns the attitude to the Jews and avoids any suggestion of racial distinction, which was not or hardly, a factor of any significance in ancient times. For this reason Leipoldt preferred to speak of anti-Judaism when writing his Antisemitsmus in der alien Welt (l933). Bonsirven also preferred this word to Anti-Semitism, "mot moderne qui implique une théorie des races".
↑ Zimmermann, Moshe (ngày 5 tháng 3 năm 1987). Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism. Oxford University Press, USA. tr. 112. ISBN978-0-19-536495-8. The term 'anti-Semitism' was unsuitable from the beginning for the real essence of Jew-hatred, which remained anchored, more or less, in the Christian tradition even when it moved via the natural sciences, into racism. It is doubtful whether the term which was first publicized in an institutional context (the Anti-Semitic League) would have appeared at all if the 'Anti-Chancellor League,' which fought Bismarck's policy, had not been in existence since 1875. The founders of the new Organization adopted the elements of 'anti' and 'league,' and searched for the proper term: Marr exchanged the term 'Jew' for 'Semite' which he already favored. It is possible that the shortened form 'Sem' is used with such frequency and ease by Marr (and in his writings) due to its literary advantage and because it reminded Marr of Sem Biedermann, his Jewish employer from the Vienna period.
